Length-weight relationship and condition factor for Prochilodus lineatus, an important commercial fish, in contrasting water-quality environments of the middle Tietê River basin, Southeast Brazil / Relação peso-comprimento e fator de condição para Prochilodus lineatus, um importante peixe comercial, em ambientes contrastantes em qualidade da água da bacia do médio rio Tietê, sudeste do Brasil

Abstract This work was carried out in order to provide the length-weight relationship (LWR) and the allometric condition factor (Ka), as well as its correlation with limnological variables, for Prochilodus lineatus from the middle Tietê River basin. Fish were collected using gill nets in two rivers with contrasting environmental conditions, totaling 46 specimens in the highly polluted Tietê River, and 37 in the Peixe River, a relatively well-conserved tributary. Environmental measures were obtained concomitantly to the fish capture. The results showed an isometric growth (b = 3.00) for the fish from Tietê River and a positive allometric growth (b = 3.23) for the fish from Peixe River. The mean value of Ka was unexpectedly higher for the main river (Ka = 2.63) when compared to its tributary (Ka = 2.42), being statistically different from each other. This can be explained by the much higher availability of organic sediments in the main river, resulting from a long-term eutrophication process. Nevertheless, the positive and statistically significant correlations with dissolved oxygen, for both rivers, as well as significant negative correlations with electric conductivity, nitrogen and chlorophyll a for Tietê River, indicate the negative effects of the water quality deterioration on the fish condition factor. The work contributes to the expansion of knowledge about P. lineatus, the most important commercial fish of the middle Tietê River basin, which is severely impacted by unsustainable human actions.

Resumo Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de fornecer a relação peso-comprimento (LWR) e o fator de condição alométrico (Ka), bem como sua correlação com variáveis limnológicas, para Prochilodus lineatus da bacia do médio rio Tietê. Os peixes foram coletados com redes de espera em dois rios com condições ambientais contrastantes, totalizando 46 espécimes no altamente poluído rio Tietê, e 37 no rio do Peixe, um tributário relativamente bem conservado. Medidas ambientais foram obtidas concomitantemente à captura dos peixes. Os resultados mostraram um crescimento isométrico (b = 3,00) para os peixes do rio Tietê e um crescimento alométrico positivo (b = 3,23) para os peixes do rio do Peixe. O valor médio de Ka foi, inesperadamente, maior para o rio principal (Ka = 2,63) quando comparado ao seu afluente (Ka = 2,42), sendo estatisticamente diferentes entre si. Isso pode ser explicado pela disponibilidade muito maior de sedimentos orgânicos no rio principal, resultante de um longo processo de eutrofização. No entanto, as correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas com o oxigênio dissolvido, para ambos os rios, bem como correlações significativas negativas com a condutividade elétrica, nitrogênio e clorofila a para o rio Tietê, indicam os efeitos negativos da deterioração da qualidade da água sobre o fator condição dos peixes. O trabalho contribui para a expansão do conhecimento sobre P. lineatus, o peixe de maior importância comercial da bacia do médio rio Tietê, severamente impactada por ações humanas não-sustentáveis.

Differential expression patterns of myogenic regulatory factors in the postnatal longissimus dorsi muscle of Jeju Native Pig and Berkshire breeds along with their co-expression with Pax7

BACKGROUND: Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) such as MyoD, Myf6 and Myf5 play a vital role in the growth and development of muscles. Jeju Native Pig (JNP) is the top ranker in Korea amongst the indigenous livestock reared for meat purpose. Few studies covering transcript abundance of the MRFs and related to their co-expression with Pax7 in JNP have been conducted. Despite having better quality pork, JNP does not have a comparative growth rate with respect to western breeds. Therefore, the present study was designed with the objective to study the relative transcript levels of MRFs in the postnatal myogenesis of longissimus dorsi muscles in JNP and Berkshire breeds. RESULTS: Relative transcript levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR and blot expression analysis through Western blotting. Immunocytochemistry was performed to analyze their expressions at cellular levels. ToppCluster aided in the analysis of gene ontology of biological processes. The quantitative transcript levels of MyoD and Pax7 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Berkshire than in JNP. Myotube formation was observed under the co-expression of MyoD and Pax7. ToppCluster helped in the understanding of the linking of biological processes of the MRFs with the different signaling pathways. MyBPH had significantly (P < 0.05) high transcript levels during the chosen age groups in JNP than Berkshire. CONCLUSIONS: The current study can be helpful in understanding the genetic basis for myogenesis in postnatal stage. Moreover, it can act as stepping stone for the identification of marker genes related to body growth and meat quality in JNP.

Bovine TMEM95 gene: Polymorphisms detecting in five Chinese indigenous cattle breeds and their association with growth traits

BACKGROUND: Transmembrane protein 95 (TMEM95) plays a role in male fertility. Previous studies showed that genes with a significant impact on reproductive traits can also affect the growth traits of livestock. Thus, we speculated that the genetic variation of TMEM95 gene may have effects on growth traits of cattle. RESULTS: Two SNPs were genotyped. The rs136174626 and rs41904693 were in the intron 4 and 30 -untranslated region, respectively. The linkage disequilibrium analysis illustrated that these two loci were not linked. The rs136174626 was associated with six growth traits of Nanyang cattle, four traits of Luxi cattle, and three traits of Ji'an cattle. For rs41904693 locus, the GG individuals had greater body height and abdominal girth in Ji' an cattle than TT and TG individuals. In Jinnan cattle, GG and TT individuals had greater body height, height at hip cross, body length, and heart girth than TG individuals. The potential splice site prediction results suggest that the rs136174626 may influence the splicing efficiency of TMEM95, and the miRNA binding site prediction results showed that the rs41904693 may influence the expression of TMEM95 by affecting the binding efficiency of Bta-miR-1584 and TMEM95 30 -UTR. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study suggested that the two SNPs in TMEM95 could be a reliable basis for molecular breeding in cattle.

Young soccer players with higher somatic maturation are stronger, more powerful and faster than those with lower maturation / Jovens futebolistas de maior maturação somática são mais fortes, potentes e velozes que os de menor maturação

ABSTRACT The identification of young soccer players' maturation level throughout puberty is crucial to verify the influence of aspects that interfere on sport performance, such as body height and physical capacities. The aim of the present study was to verify the differences in physical performance of young soccer players in maturation stages before and after peak height velocity. This study comprised 49 soccer players (14.49 ± 1.00 yrs) belonging to the youth teams of a club in the city of Fortaleza. Body weight, height and trunk-cephalic height were measured. Somatic maturation was estimated using distance in years from peak height velocity (DPHV). 10 Meters Sprint and 20 Meter Flying Sprint, Modified Illinois, Jump Height (CMJ), RAST and Yo Yo IRT 1 tests were applied. Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and Confidence Intervals (CI = 90%) were used to compare the study variables (PRE-PHV vs POST-PHV). Our findings showed that POST-PHV group showed higher values in CMJ (3/3/97, Very likely) and RAST (peak, average, minimum power) and lower in the 20 Meter Flying Sprint (100/0/0, Most Likely) when compared to the PRE-PHV group. We concluded that young soccer players with somatic maturation after peak height velocity presented better capacity of lower limb strength, anaerobic power and speed.

RESUMO A identificação do nível maturacional de futebolistas em formação, ao longo da puberdade, é fundamental para verificar a influência de aspectos que interferem no desempenho esportivo, tais como o tamanho corporal e as capacidades físicas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar as diferenças de desempenho físico de jovens futebolistas em estágios maturacionais pré e pós pico de velocidade de crescimento. Participaram do estudo 49 futebolistas (14,49 ± 1,00 anos) das categorias de base de um clube da cidade de Fortaleza. Foram aferidas a massa corporal, a estatura e a altura tronco-cefálica. A maturação somática foi estimada por meio da distância ao pico de velocidade de crescimento (DPVC). Foram realizados os testes Sprint 10 metros e 20 metros lançado, Illinois modificado, Altura do salto (CMJ), RAST e o Yo Yo IRT 1. As Diferenças de Média Estandardizada (DME) e Intervalo de Confiança (IC = 90%) foram utilizados para comparar as variáveis do estudo (PRÉ-PVC vs PÓS-PVC). Os nossos achados mostraram que o grupo PÓS-PVC apresentou valores mais elevados no CMJ (0/3/97, Very likely) e no RAST (potência máxima, média, mínima) e inferiores no Sprint 20m L (100/0/0, Most Likely), quando comparado ao grupo PRÉ-PVC. Concluimos que jovens futebolistas com maturação somática pós pico de velocidade de crescimento apresentam melhor capacidade de força de membros inferiores, potência anaeróbia e velocidade.

Tactical performance, anthropometry and physical fitness in young soccer players: a comparison between different maturational groups / Desempenho tático, antropometria e capacidades físicas em jovens futebolistas: comparação entre diferentes grupos maturacionais

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to compare the tactical performance, anthropometric indicators, and physical capabilities between different maturational groups in young soccer players. Study participants were 48 soccer players (14.80±1.52 years). Anthropometric measurements of weight, height, and trunk-cephalic height were carried out. Peak height velocity (PHV) was used as a relative indicator of somatic maturity. For evaluation of physical capabilities, the sit-and-reach test, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, handgrip test, modified abdominal test, and vertical jumps (Counter Movement Jump and Squat Jump) were performed. Tactical performance was achieved through the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). For statistical analysis, non-hierarchical k-means Cluster Analysis, One-Way ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used. The results indicated that early players in the maturational process presented higher values in the performance of physical capabilities such as aerobic endurance and lower limb muscle strength (P<0.01). Tactical principles "offensive coverage", "offensive unity", and "concentration" were executed more frequently by the Post-PHV group than the Pre-PHV (P<0.05). Significant correlations were observed between PHV and the principles "offensive coverage" (r=0.32), "offensive unity" (r=0.39), and "concentration" (r=0.38). These results suggest that advancement in maturational classification has little influence on the management of gaming space.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o desempenho tático, os indicadores antropométricos e as capacidades físicas entre diferentes grupos maturacionais em jovens futebolistas. Fizeram parte do estudo 48 jogadores de futebol (14,80±1,52 anos). Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas de massa corporal, estatura e altura tronco-cefálica. O Pico de Velocidade de Crescimento (PVC) foi utilizado como indicador relativo de maturidade somática. Foram realizados os testes de sentar-e-alcançar, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1, preensão manual, abdominal modificado e saltos verticais (Counter Movement Jump e Squat Jump). O desempenho tático foi obtido através do Sistema de Avaliação Tática no Futebol (FUT-SAT). Para análise estatística, utilizou-se a Análise de Cluster, Anova One-Way e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Os resultados indicaram que os jogadores adiantados no processo maturacional apresentaram valores superiores no desempenho das capacidades físicas como resistência aeróbia e força muscular de membros inferiores (P<0,01). Os princípios táticos "cobertura ofensiva", "unidade ofensiva" e "concentração" foram mais executados por jogadores Pós-PVC comparativamente ao grupo Pré-PVC (P<0,05). Foram observadas correlações significativas entre o PVC e os princípios "cobertura ofensiva" (r=0,32), "unidade ofensiva" (r=0,39) e "concentração" (r=0,38). Tais resultados sugerem que o avanço na classificação maturacional exerce baixa influencia sobre a gestão do espaço de jogo de jovens futebolistas.

The effect of PPARγ agonists in acute pancreatitis with hepatic injury / 重庆医学

Objective To observe the peroxidase body growth activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist rosiglitazone on acute pancreatitis in mice with hepatic injury and to investigate the mechanism of hepatic injury .Methods Seventy‐two male Kunming mice were randomly allocated into three groups(24 cases for each group):acute pancreatitis group(AP group) ,rosiglitazone group (AP‐ROS group) ,saline group(NS group) .Mice were killed at 6 ,12 and 24 h after induction of acute pancreatitis .Serum amylase , ALT and AST activities were measured .The expressions of NF‐κB and PPARγmRNA were assessed by RT‐PCR .The expressions of NF‐κB and PPARγ protein were assessed by Western blot .Results Compared with NS group ,serum amylase ,ALT and AST levels at each time point significantly increased in AP group(P< 0 .01);serum amylase ,ALT and AST levels in AP‐ROS group were significantly lower than those in AP group(P<0 .01) .Compared with NS group ,the expressions of liver PPARγ mRNA and protein in AP group were markedly lower at 6 h and 12 h(P<0 .05) ,and the expressions of PPARγmRNA and protein in AP‐ROS group were significantly higher than those in NS group and AP group(P<0 .01) .The expressions of liver NF‐κB mRNA and NF‐κB p65 protein in AP group were significantly higher than those in NS group and AP‐ROS group at all time points(P<0 .01) .Con‐clusion There are clear relationships between NF‐κB and hepatic injury in acute pancreatitis .The expressions of PPARγin injuried hepatic decreased .Rosiglitazone can increase the expressions of PPARγand prevent the expressions of NF‐κB in hepatic during the early phase of acute pancreatitis .

Efeito da semente de linhaça no crematócrito do leite de ratas e sua contribuição no crescimento corporal dos filhotes / Effects of flaxseed on rat milk creamatocrit and its contribution to offspring body growth

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o efeito da semente de linhaça no crematócrito do leite de ratas e crescimento corporal dos filhotes durante a lactação. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se 22 ratas Lister Hooded divididas em dois grupos: controle (GC, n = 11), que recebeu ração caseína com 17 por cento de proteína; e linhaça (GL, n = 11), que recebeu ração com 25 por cento de linhaça acrescida de 14 por cento de caseína, totalizando 17 por cento de proteína. Controlou-se o consumo de ração das ratas por gaiola individual, número de crias, e avaliou-se o crematócrito do leite materno e variação ponderal dos filhotes até idade de desmame. RESULTADOS: O GL foi semelhante ao GC no consumo de ração das ratas (GL = 76,46±31,87 g; GC = 76,7±33,36 g; p = 0,9613) e equivalente ao GC no número de crias (GL = 4,94±2,34; GC = 5,5±3,19; p = 0,435). O mesmo foi verificado no teor de gordura do leite materno (GL = 18,4±4,76; GC = 15,3±6,03; p = 0,204) e valor energético total (GL = 212,92±46,4; GC = 181,1±60; p = 0,1964). O GL assemelhou-se ao GC tanto no peso corporal dos filhotes ao desmame (GL = 37±6,96 g; GC = 32,6±7,5 g; p = 0,1817) quanto na evolução ponderal (GL = 31,8±7,0 g; GC = 27,7±7,5 g; p = 0,2104). CONCLUSÃO: Um total de 25 por cento de linhaça promoveu um crescimento adequado aos filhotes.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of flaxseed on rat milk creamatocrit and its contribution to offspring weight gain during lactation. METHODS: The study was conducted with 22 Lister Hooded rats divided into two groups: Control Group (CG, n = 11), which received a casein-based diet with 17 percent protein, and Flaxseed Group (FG, n = 11), which received a 25 percent flaxseed diet supplemented with 14 percent casein, totaling 17 percent protein. Food consumption was controlled per individual cage and litter size. Maternal milk creamatocrit and offspring weight variation until weaning age were also evaluated. RESULTS: FG was similar to CG concerning food intake (FG = 76.46±31.87 g; CG = 76.7±33.36 g; p = 0.9613) and equivalent to CG concerning litter size (FG = 4.94±2.34; CG = 5.5±3.19; p = 0.435). The same was found for milk fat content (FG = 18.4±4.76; CG = 15.3±6.03; p = 0.204) and total energy value (FG = 212.92±46.4; CG = 181.1±60; p = 0.1964). FG was similar to CG both in offspring body weight at weaning (FG = 37±6.96 g; CG = 32.6±7.5 g; p = 0.1817) and in weight gain (FG = 31.8±7.0 g; CG = 27.7±7.5 g; p = 0.2104). CONCLUSION: A total of 25 percent flaxseed promoted an adequate offspring growth.

A natação minimiza o retardo no crescimento somático e ósseo de ratos / Does swimming minimize somatic and bone growth delay in rats

A formação óssea é regulada por fatores hormonais e modificada por estímulos extrínsecos, como a prática de exercícios. Avaliou-se o efeito da natação sobre o crescimento somático e ósseo de ratas submetidas a dois modelos experimentais a fim de reproduzir déficit hormonal. Utilizou-se 28 ratas Wistar neonatas fêmeas separadas em: grupo Glutamato Monossódico (GluM, n = 14; solução de GM 4.0mg/g, dias alternados, primeiros 14 dias de vida) e grupo Salina (Sal, n = 14; solução salina). Peso corpóreo e mensurações murinométricas (eixos laterolateral, anteroposterior do crânio - LLC/APC - e comprimento da cauda - CC) foram avaliados do primeiro ao 30º dia de vida. Aos 60 dias, o Grupo GluM foi ovariectomizado (GluMO) e o sal apenas passou pelo estresse cirúrgico. Então, metade dos animais de cada grupo iniciou o programa de natação (12 semanas, cinco dias/semanas, 60 min/sessão) resultando nos seguintes grupos experimentais: Salina Sedentário (Salsed, n = 7), Salina Natação (Salnat, n = 7), Glutamato Ovariectomia Sedentário (GluMOsed, n = 7) e Glutamato Ovariectomia Natação (GluMOnat, n = 7). Ao final do experimento o fêmur direito foi pesado e seu comprimento avaliado. Nos 30 dias iniciais, GluM reduziu o peso corpóreo e os eixos LLC, APC e CC comparado ao grupo SAL. Aos 60 dias, o peso corpóreo do GLuM permaneceu menor comparado ao SAL e ao final foi similar entre os grupos SALsed e SALnat e, GLuMOsed e GluMOnat. Porém, houve redução no peso do GlutMOsed comparado ao SALsed. A natação favoreceu o peso do fêmur no SAL e não o alterou entre os GluMOsed e GluMOnat, entretanto, houve aumento no grupo SALsed comparado ao GluMOsed. No comprimento, o SALnat foi similar ao SALsed e o mesmo ocorreu entre GluMOnat e GluMOsed. Porém, SALsed apresentou comprimento maior que GluMOsed. A natação não foi capaz de reverter, em animais adultos jovens, os efeitos provocados por situações de desequilíbrio corpóreo induzidas precocemente no tecido ósseo.

The bone formation is regulated by hormonal factors and modified by extrinsic stimuli, such as practice of exercises. The effect of swimming on the somatic and bone growth of female rats subjected to two experimental models to reproduce hormone deficiency was assessed.Twenty-eight Wistar, neonate female rats separated in two groups: Monosodium glutamate (MGlu, n = 14; solution of monosodium glutamate 4.0mg/g, alternate days, first 14 days of life) and Saline Group (SAL, n = 14; saline solution. Body weight and measurements of somatic development (latero-lateral axis of the skull, anterior-posterior axis of the skull - LLS / APS - and length of the tail - LT) were evaluated from the 1st to the 30th day of life. At 60 days of life, the MGlu group was ovariectomized and SAL just went though surgical stress. Subsequently, half of the animals in each group started the swimming training (12 weeks, 5 days/week, 60 min/session), resulting in the following experimental groups: Sedentary saline (Sedsal, n = 7), Swimming saline (Swisal, n = 7), Sedentary glutamate ovariectomy (SedMGluO, n = 7) and Swimming glutamate ovariectomy (SwiMGluO, n = 7).At the end of the experiment, the right femur was weighed and its length assessed. At the 30 initial days, the MGlu group reduced its body weight and the LLS, APC and LT compared to SAL. At day 60, body weight of MGlu group remained lower and at the end of the experiment it was similar between Swisal and Sedsal groups; SedMGLuO and SwiMGluO groups. However, weight reduction was observed in SedMGlutO compared to SedSAL. Swimming helped the weight of the femur in the SAL and did not alter it between SedMGluO and SwiMGluO, but it increased in Sedsal compared to SedMGluO group. In length, the SwiSal was similar to Sedsal and the same situation occurred between SwiMGluO and SedMGluO. However, Sedsal group presented greater length than SedMGluO. Swimming was not able to reverse the effects caused by situations of body imbalance early ...

Evaluation of body growth and myoenteric neurons of Wistar rats after neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate

This work aimed at evaluating how the neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate reflects on body parameters and on myoenteric neurons of Wistar rats. Male rats were injected with monosodium glutamate during the first five postnatal days. Body growth was recorded until the age of 90 days, when the animals were killed. Fasting plasma glucose, caloric density and weight of organs were assayed. Gastric and duodenal whole-mounts stained with NADH diaphorase were observed for neuronal numbers and sizes. Growth, relative weight of organs and testicular caloric density of the injected rats were smaller than those of the controls, while their Lee index and relative fat content were greater. The number of duodenal neurons and the mean size of gastric neurons were smaller in the injected animals. These results are discussed in light of the endocrine, autonomic and behavioral changes stemming from the lesion of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus by monosodium glutamate.

Avaliação do crescimento corporal e dos neurônios mioentéricos de ratos Wistar após tratamento neonatal com glutamato monossódico. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar como o tratamento neonatal com glutamato monossódico se reflete em parâmetros corporais e nos neurônios mioentéricos de ratos Wistar. Ratos machos foram injetados com glutamato monossódico durante os primeiros 5 dias após o nascimento. O crescimento corporal foi registrado até os 90 dias, quando os animais foram sacrificados. Glicose plasmática de jejum, densidade calórica e peso dos órgãos foram avaliados. Preparados de membrana gástricos e duodenais corados com NADH-diaforase foram observados quanto a número e tamanho dos neurônios. Crescimento, peso relativo dos órgãos e densidade calórica testicular dos ratos injetados foram menores que nos controles, enquanto o índice de Lee e o conteúdo relativo de gordura foram maiores. O número de neurônios duodenais e o tamanho médio dos neurônios gástricos foram menores nos animais injetados. Esses resultados são discutidos a luz das alterações endócrinas, autonômicas e comportamentais resultantes da lesão do núcleo arqueado hipotalâmico pelo glutamato monossódico.